What is Monkeypox?

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease, meaning it can spread from animals to humans. It’s caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus (the cause of smallpox). While the name suggests a link to monkeys, rodents are believed to be the primary reservoir of the virus. Understanding what is monkeypox is crucial for effective prevention and management.

Monkeypox vs. Chickenpox: Key Differences

Many people initially confuse monkeypox vs chickenpox due to the presence of a rash. However, there are key differences. Chickenpox lesions typically appear in crops and at different stages of development, whereas monkeypox lesions tend to appear at the same stage of development. Additionally, monkeypox is often accompanied by swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), which is not a typical symptom of chickenpox. A monkeypox test is the only way to confirm the diagnosis. The distribution of the rash can also differ; chickenpox tends to be more concentrated on the trunk, while monkeypox can affect other areas more prominently.

Monkeypox Transmission: How Does it Spread?

Monkeypox transmission occurs through close contact with an infected animal, human, or contaminated materials. The virus can enter the body through broken skin (even if not visible), respiratory droplets, or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth). Human-to-human transmission occurs primarily through large respiratory droplets, which generally require prolonged face-to-face contact. Contact with lesion material or contaminated items, such as bedding or clothing, can also spread the virus. It is important to practice monkeypox prevention methods to reduce the risk of infection.

Monkeypox Symptoms: What to Look For

Recognizing monkeypox symptoms early is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment. The incubation period (time from infection to symptoms) is usually 7-14 days, but can range from 5-21 days.

Monkeypox Cases: Global and Local Updates

The number of monkeypox cases has fluctuated since the 2022 outbreak. Public health organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide up-to-date information on the global and local spread of the virus. Regularly checking these sources will give the most up-to-date information. Local health departments also provide information about monkeypox cases and guidance for residents.

Monkeypox Prevention: Protecting Yourself and Others

Effective monkeypox prevention strategies are crucial to minimize the spread of the virus:

• Avoid close contact with people who have a rash that looks like monkeypox.
• Avoid contact with animals that could carry the virus (rodents, primates).
• Avoid contact with any materials, such as bedding, that have been in contact with a sick animal or person.
• Practice good hand hygiene: Wash your hands often with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE) if you are caring for someone with monkeypox (e.g., gloves, mask).
• Consider the monkeypox vaccine if you are at high risk of exposure. Public health authorities often offer the monkeypox vaccine to individuals who are at high risk for exposure.

Monkeypox Vaccine: Availability and Efficacy

A monkeypox vaccine is available, and vaccination is recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure. The JYNNEOS vaccine is a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine, which is approved for the prevention of monkeypox and smallpox. Another vaccine, ACAM2000, is also approved for smallpox and can be used for monkeypox under specific circumstances. Discussing your risk factors with a healthcare provider is essential to determine if the monkeypox vaccine is right for you. The efficacy of the monkeypox vaccine is high, especially when administered before exposure or shortly after.

Monkeypox Test: Diagnosis and Procedure

A monkeypox test is essential for confirming a diagnosis. The most common monkeypox test involves collecting a sample from a lesion, such as a swab of the rash. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, which detects the presence of the monkeypox virus’s DNA. A healthcare provider can perform the monkeypox test and interpret the results. If you suspect you have monkeypox, consult a healthcare professional promptly for testing and guidance.

Monkeypox Treatment: Managing the Infection

Most people with monkeypox experience mild illness and recover without specific monkeypox treatment. However, supportive care is important to manage symptoms. This can include:

• Pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen) for fever and aches
• Keeping the rash clean and dry to prevent secondary infections
• Antiviral medications (e.g., tecovirimat) may be considered for severe cases or people at high risk of complications.

Consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate monkeypox treatment plan.

Conclusion

Understanding what is monkeypox, its transmission, symptoms, and prevention strategies is crucial for protecting yourself and others. Staying informed about monkeypox cases in your area and following public health recommendations can help reduce the risk of infection. The availability of a monkeypox vaccine and testing options provides further tools for managing this public health concern. Early recognition of monkeypox symptoms, particularly the characteristic monkeypox rash, is essential for prompt diagnosis and appropriate care. If you suspect you have monkeypox, seek medical attention and follow the guidance of healthcare professionals.