Table of Contents
What is Monkeypox?
Monkeypox is a viral disease that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus (the cause of smallpox). While less severe than smallpox, monkeypox can still cause significant illness and concern. It was first discovered in 1958 in colonies of monkeys kept for research (hence the name), and the first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Key facts about monkeypox:
- It is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can spread from animals to humans.
- The natural reservoir of the virus is still unknown, but African rodents are suspected.
- Symptoms are similar to, but milder than, those of smallpox.
- There are two distinct genetic clades of the monkeypox virus: the West African clade and the Congo Basin clade. The West African clade is generally associated with less severe disease.
Monkeypox Symptoms: What to Look For
The incubation period for monkeypox is typically 6 to 13 days, but can range from 5 to 21 days. Symptoms usually begin with:
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Backache
- Swollen lymph nodes (a key distinguishing feature from chickenpox or measles)
- Exhaustion
Within 1 to 3 days after the onset of fever, a rash develops. The rash goes through several stages:
1. Macules: Flat, discolored spots
2. Papules: Raised bumps
3. Vesicles: Small, fluid-filled blisters
4. Pustules: Pus-filled blisters
5. Scabs: The pustules eventually crust over and form scabs, which eventually fall off.
The rash often starts on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body, including the hands and feet. The lesions can be very painful or itchy.
How Monkeypox Spreads: Transmission Routes
Monkeypox can spread through several routes:
- Animal-to-human transmission: This can occur through direct contact with an infected animal’s blood, bodily fluids, or lesions. Handling bushmeat is also a risk factor.
- Human-to-human transmission: This occurs through close contact with an infected person. The virus can spread through:
- Direct contact with the rash, scabs, or bodily fluids
- Respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact
- Contact with contaminated materials, such as clothing or bedding
- Mother-to-fetus transmission: Monkeypox can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus.
The virus enters the body through broken skin (even if not visible), the respiratory tract, or the mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth).
Monkeypox vs. Chickenpox: Key Differences
While both monkeypox and chickenpox cause a rash, there are important differences:
| Feature | Monkeypox | Chickenpox |
| —————- | ————————————————————————- | ————————————————————————- |
| Cause | Monkeypox virus | Varicella-zoster virus |
| Lymph Nodes | Swollen lymph nodes are common | Swollen lymph nodes are rare |
| Rash Progression | Lesions develop at the same rate on any given part of the body. | Lesions appear in crops, with different stages present at the same time. |
| Severity | Generally more severe than chickenpox, with a higher risk of complications | Generally mild, especially in children |
| Vaccination | Vaccine available (though not widely used) | Vaccine widely available and recommended |
If you are unsure whether you have monkeypox or chickenpox, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional.
Diagnosing Monkeypox: Tests and Procedures
Diagnosing monkeypox involves laboratory testing of samples from the rash. The preferred test is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, which detects the virus’s DNA. Samples can be collected from:
- Lesion fluid or crusts
- Swab of the lesion
- Blood (though less reliable)
The PCR test can distinguish between monkeypox virus clades (West African vs. Congo Basin). Other tests, such as viral culture and antibody tests, may also be used in certain situations.
Monkeypox Treatment Options: Antivirals and Supportive Care
Most people with monkeypox recover on their own within 2 to 4 weeks. Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing complications:
- Pain relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help manage pain.
- Fever reducers: Medications like acetaminophen can reduce fever.
- Wound care: Keeping the rash clean and dry can prevent secondary bacterial infections.
- Antivirals: Tecovirimat (Tpoxx) is an antiviral medication approved for the treatment of monkeypox. It is available through a special protocol.
- Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG): VIG contains antibodies against orthopoxviruses and may be used in severe cases or in people at high risk of complications.
Monkeypox Prevention: Vaccination and Hygiene
Preventing monkeypox involves several strategies:
- Vaccination: The JYNNEOS vaccine (also known as Imvamune or Imvanex) is a live attenuated vaccine approved for the prevention of monkeypox and smallpox. It is recommended for people at high risk of exposure.
- Avoiding contact: Avoid contact with animals that could harbor the virus (especially rodents and primates) and with people who have monkeypox.
- Hygiene: Practice good hand hygiene by washing your hands frequently with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
- Safe sex practices: While monkeypox is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, close contact during sexual activity can facilitate transmission.
- Avoid sharing: Do not share bedding, towels, clothing, or other personal items with someone who has monkeypox.
Global Monkeypox Outbreaks: A Timeline
- 1958: Monkeypox virus discovered in monkeys in a Danish laboratory.
- 1970: First human case of monkeypox reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
- 2003: First monkeypox outbreak outside of Africa occurs in the United States, linked to imported African rodents.
- 2017-present: Ongoing outbreaks in Nigeria, with increasing numbers of cases reported.
- 2022: A global outbreak of monkeypox spreads to numerous countries, including those with no history of the disease.
Who is at Risk for Monkeypox?
Certain groups are at higher risk of contracting or developing severe monkeypox:
- Healthcare workers caring for monkeypox patients
- Laboratory workers handling monkeypox virus samples
- People who have had close contact with someone who has monkeypox
- People who have had contact with animals that could harbor the virus
- Immunocompromised individuals
- Children and pregnant women (due to a higher risk of complications)
Monkeypox and Pets: What You Need to Know
There is a risk that monkeypox can spread from humans to pets, particularly rodents like hamsters, guinea pigs, and gerbils. If you have monkeypox, it is essential to:
- Isolate yourself from your pets.
- Have someone else care for your pets, if possible.
- If you must care for your pets, wear gloves and a mask.
- Wash your hands thoroughly before and after interacting with your pets.
Consult with a veterinarian if you suspect your pet may have been exposed to monkeypox.
The Future of Monkeypox: Research and Preparedness
Ongoing research is crucial to better understand monkeypox, including:
- Identifying the natural reservoir of the virus
- Developing more effective treatments and vaccines
- Improving diagnostic tests
- Monitoring the evolution of the virus
Preparedness efforts are also essential to prevent and control future outbreaks. This includes:
- Strengthening surveillance systems
- Ensuring access to vaccines and treatments
- Educating the public about monkeypox
Debunking Monkeypox Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction
There are several misconceptions circulating about monkeypox:
- Myth: Monkeypox is a new disease. Fact: Monkeypox was first discovered in 1958 and has been causing sporadic outbreaks in Africa for decades.
- Myth: Monkeypox is a sexually transmitted infection. Fact: While close contact during sexual activity can facilitate transmission, monkeypox is not primarily spread through sexual contact.
- Myth: Only certain groups of people are at risk of monkeypox. Fact: Anyone can get monkeypox if they are exposed to the virus.
- Myth: Monkeypox is a deadly disease. Fact: While monkeypox can cause severe illness and complications, the vast majority of people recover fully.
Conclusion: Staying Informed and Prepared
Monkeypox is a viral disease that can cause significant illness. Staying informed about the symptoms, transmission routes, and prevention measures is crucial for protecting yourself and your community. By following public health recommendations and seeking medical attention if you suspect you have monkeypox, we can work together to control the spread of this virus.